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nuclear-free state - перевод на Английский
![The area between the Equator and 60°S, and between 20°W and 115°E, excluding Africa, Australia and Indonesia and their neighboring islands and waters, is outside the five southern NWFZs. A small area of ocean outside the upper right corner of the map, between Indonesia and Australia, is also not in any NWFZ.<br />Australian islands are part of the [[South Pacific NWFZ]] but the other [[oceanic island]]s in this area are owned by Britain, France, Norway, and [[Maldives]] and are the only Southern Hemisphere lands other than [[East Timor]] that are not in a NWFZ.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Equator-60S-20W-115E-48.png?width=200 "The area between the Equator and 60°S, and between 20°W and 115°E, excluding Africa, Australia and Indonesia and their neighboring islands and waters, is outside the five southern NWFZs. A small area of ocean outside the upper right corner of the map, between Indonesia and Australia, is also not in any NWFZ.<br />Australian islands are part of the [[South Pacific NWFZ]] but the other [[oceanic island]]s in this area are owned by Britain, France, Norway, and [[Maldives]] and are the only Southern Hemisphere lands other than [[East Timor]] that are not in a NWFZ.")
![Area in dark blue is outside [[exclusive economic zone]]s. Some NWFZs are defined in terms of EEZ areas, some in terms of [[territorial waters]] which extend only 12 nautical miles.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Exclusive Economic Zones.svg?width=200 "Area in dark blue is outside [[exclusive economic zone]]s. Some NWFZs are defined in terms of EEZ areas, some in terms of [[territorial waters]] which extend only 12 nautical miles.")
![The [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] is a geostrategic [[military alliance]] concerned with most of Europe and North America.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/North Atlantic Treaty Organization (orthographic projection).svg?width=200 "The [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] is a geostrategic [[military alliance]] concerned with most of Europe and North America.")
![Just party to [[Non-Proliferation Treaty]]}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nws polar.svg?width=200 "Just party to [[Non-Proliferation Treaty]]}}")
![Mushroom cloud from China's first nuclear test, [[Project 596]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1965-01 1964年 首次原子弹爆炸2.jpg?width=200 "Mushroom cloud from China's first nuclear test, [[Project 596]]")
![[[Agni-V]] during its first test flight on 19 April 2012](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Agni-V during its first test flight.jpg?width=200 "[[Agni-V]] during its first test flight on 19 April 2012")
![Ukraine]])}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nuclear weapons states.svg?width=200 "Ukraine]])}}")
![0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trident II missile image.jpg?width=200 "0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]]")
![Trinity]]" fireball, the first [[nuclear explosion]], 1945](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg?width=200 "Trinity]]\" fireball, the first [[nuclear explosion]], 1945")
![USS ''Enterprise'']] (left), each of which carries nuclear-capable [[warplanes]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/USS Enterprise FS Charles de Gaulle.jpg?width=200 "USS ''Enterprise'']] (left), each of which carries nuclear-capable [[warplanes]]")
![Anti-nuclear weapons]] protest march in Oxford, 1980](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Anti-nuclear weapons protest, UK 1980.JPG?width=200 "Anti-nuclear weapons]] protest march in Oxford, 1980")
![commercial launch]] of the Russian [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] R-36 [[ICBM]]; also known by the NATO reporting name: [[SS-18 Satan]]. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest [[throw weight]] missile delivery system ever built.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dnepr rocket lift-off 1.jpg?width=200 "commercial launch]] of the Russian [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] R-36 [[ICBM]]; also known by the NATO reporting name: [[SS-18 Satan]]. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest [[throw weight]] missile delivery system ever built.")
![[[Edward Teller]], often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Edward Teller (1958)-LLNL.jpg?width=200 "[[Edward Teller]], often referred to as the \"father of the hydrogen bomb\"")
![Demonstration against nuclear testing in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Essais nucleaires manif.jpg?width=200 "Demonstration against nuclear testing in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s.")
![Nagasaki]], Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by [[heavy bomber]] aircraft](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fat man.jpg?width=200 "Nagasaki]], Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by [[heavy bomber]] aircraft")
![fission]] weapon designs](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fission bomb assembly methods.svg?width=200 "fission]] weapon designs")
![The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Flag of IAEA.svg?width=200 "The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.")
![[[Robert Oppenheimer]], principal leader of the [[Manhattan Project]], often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb".](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg?width=200 "[[Robert Oppenheimer]], principal leader of the [[Manhattan Project]], often referred to as the \"father of the atomic bomb\".")
![Protest in Bonn against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg?width=200 "Protest in Bonn against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981")
![This view of downtown [[Las Vegas]] shows a [[mushroom cloud]] in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby [[Nevada Test Site]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NNSA-NSO-787.jpg?width=200 "This view of downtown [[Las Vegas]] shows a [[mushroom cloud]] in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby [[Nevada Test Site]].")
![Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The Black dot indicates the location of the [[Vela incident]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rael Nuclear use locations world map.png?width=200 "Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The Black dot indicates the location of the [[Vela incident]].")
![Ukrainian]] workers use equipment provided by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SS-24 silo destruction.jpg?width=200 "Ukrainian]] workers use equipment provided by the U.S. [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.")
![A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sumiteru Taniguchi back.jpg?width=200 "A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer")
![The basics of the [[Teller–Ulam design]] for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Teller-Ulam device 3D.svg?width=200 "The basics of the [[Teller–Ulam design]] for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.")
![terminal]], or re-entry phase, of the [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Trident C-4 montage.jpg?width=200 "terminal]], or re-entry phase, of the [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle]]s")
![heavier lift]] Russian [[SS-18 Satan]], could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of [[MIRV]]s was to make complete [[missile defense]] difficult for an enemy country.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/W87 MX Missile schematic.jpg?width=200 "heavier lift]] Russian [[SS-18 Satan]], could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of [[MIRV]]s was to make complete [[missile defense]] difficult for an enemy country.")
Определение
Википедия
A nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) is defined by the United Nations as an agreement that a group of states has freely established by treaty or convention that bans the development, manufacturing, control, possession, testing, stationing or transporting of nuclear weapons in a given area, that has mechanisms of verification and control to enforce its obligations, and that is recognized as such by the General Assembly of the United Nations. NWFZs have a similar purpose to, but are distinct from, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to which most countries including five nuclear weapons states are a party. Another term, nuclear-free zone, often means an area that has banned both nuclear power and nuclear weapons, and sometimes nuclear waste and nuclear propulsion, and usually does not mean a UN-acknowledged international treaty.
The NWFZ definition does not count countries or smaller regions that have outlawed nuclear weapons simply by their own law, like Austria with the Atomsperrgesetz in 1999. Similarly the 2+4 Treaty, which led to German reunification, banned nuclear weapons in the new states of Germany (Berlin and former East Germany), but was an agreement only among the six signatory countries, without formal NWFZ mechanisms.
